Saturday 4 December 2010

Hypochloraemia - Causes


Hypochloraemia Aetiological Causes:
  • Adrenal insufficiency - ie Addison's disease
  • Chronic respiratory acidosis
  • Diabetic ketoacidosis
  • Drug - Diuretic overtreatment
  • Gastrointestinal fluid loss - vomiting & diarrhoea
Tags: Addison's Disease - Adrenal Insufficiency - Diabetic Ketoacidosis - Diarrhoea - Diuretic - GI Fluid Loss - Hypochloraemia - Respiratory Acidosis - Vomiting
Tags: Medicine In The News
Posted by Medicalchemy
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Hyperchloraemia Causes


Hyperchloraemia Causes:
  • Cystic fibrosis (defect pictured)
  • Drug - Acetazolamide
  • Eclampsia
  • Hyperventilation
  • Normal saline intravenous administration
  • Renal tubular acidosis, type II
  • Ureterosigmoidostomy

Image: Cystic Fibrosis Chloride Transport Defect
Image Credit: By AJC1 (cc)
Tags: Acetazolamide - Chloride - Cystic fibrosis - Eclampsia - Hyperchloraemia - Hyperventilation - Normal Saline - Renal Tubular Acidosis, Type II - Ureterosigmoidostomy
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Friday 12 November 2010

Hypomagnesaemia - Risk Of Incidence (United States)

Risk of Hypomagnesemia Incidence (United States):

  • 2% in the general population
  • 10-20% in hospitalized patients
  • 50-60% in ICU patients
  • 30-80% in alcoholics
  • 25% in diabetic outpatients
Reference:
Hypomagnesemia (eMedicine Article) July 9, 2010 (link)


Tags: Alcoholic - Diabetes Mellitus - General Population - Hospital Patients - Hypomagnesaemia - Hypomagnesemia - ICU
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Sunday 24 October 2010

Pseudohyperkalemia Features and Causes

Pseudohyperkalaemia Features:
  • Rise in the level of serum potassium that occurs due to excessive leakage of potassium from cells.
  • This potassium leakage may occur during or after blood sampling.
  • It is thus a laboratory artifact rather than a true biological abnormality.
Pseudohyperkalaemia Typical Causes:
  • Haemolysis during venipuncture.
  • Excessive tourniquet time
  • Excessive fist clenching during phlebotomy (considered to cause efflux of potassium from the muscle cells into the venous system);
  • Delay in the processing of the blood specimen.
  • People with 'leakier' cell membranes.
Pseudohyperkalaemia Associations:
  • Myeloproliferative disorders
  • Platelet - platelet activation, thrombocytosis
  • Red cell - polycythaemia
  • White cell - leukaemia, leukocytosis,
Pseudohyperkalaemia Other Important Points:
  • First reported by Hartmann and Mellinkoff in 1955.
  • The presence of pseudohyperkalaemia may be masked when it occurs in the presence of real hypokalaemia as potassium can move back into the intracellular space in vitro.
  • "... pseudohyperkalemia in serum seems to be the result of two independent and sequential mechanisms: (1) degranulation of platelets, which offers a potassium load to the surrounding serum at the time of clot formation in vitro, and (2) transfer of a part of this potassium load back into blood cells in order to maintain electrolyte and osmotic homeostasis." (1)
Reference:
1) - Nikolaos Sevastos, George Theodossiades, & Athanasios J. Archimandritis. Pseudohyperkalemia in Serum: A New Insight into an Old Phenomenon. Clin Med Res. 2008 May; 6(1): 30–32.

Tags: Haemolysis - Hyperkalaemia - Hypokalaemia - Leukocytosis - Platelet Degranulation - Polycythaemia - Potassium - Pseudohyperkalaemia - Thrombocytosis - VenipunctureTags: Medicine In The News
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Sunday 10 October 2010

Medicalchemy Metabolic Medicine Blog

This Medicalchemy (TM) blog will be about Metabolic Medicine related topics.


Tags: Blog - Metabolic Medicine
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